Malaria

Abstract

Introduction: Malaria is an acute febrile infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium that are transmitted by the bite of infected female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 241 million cases and 627 thousand deaths from the disease. This figure represents an increase from an estimated 227 million cases and 558,000 deaths recorded in 2019. In Brazil, the Amazon region is considered an endemic area for malaria, accounting for 99% of autochthonous cases. Objectives: The study of this chapter is to present all the main aspects relevant to the understanding of malaria and its consequences on the individual and society. Etiological Agent: Protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, with the species Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae being the main species found in Brazil. Transmission: Malaria is a disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Biological cycle: The biological cycle of Plasmodium sp. involves two hosts, the human and the female  infected Anopheles  mosquito. Clinical manifestations: The interval period between apyretic events varies according to the species of each etiological agent, which presents distinct intervals to complete the schizogonic cycle in red blood cells. The species of P. vivax and P. ovale (found in Africa) have a cycle of approximately 48 hours, the cycles of P. malariae are around 72 hours, while P. falciparum does not show synchronicity between symptomatic events. Diagnosis: The signs and symptoms of malaria are quite nonspecific and can commonly be confused with other infections. Slides stained with Giemsa and observed under light microscopy are widely used and analyzed by thick drop and blood smear. One of the options is rapid tests, currently offered in resource-scarce areas where microscopy services are not feasible or unavailable. Treatment: Treatment of malaria will vary according to the infecting species. Prophylaxis: For individuals who are outside the endemic area, it is necessary that they inform themselves before traveling to these regions. Attention should be paid to the departure time, avoiding being outside the premises during night periods, since the vector usually leaves soon after dusk. Repellents and barrier methods should be used, such as clothing that covers the body area well, as well as mosquito nets and screens on beds and doors. Conclusion: The chapter allows the deepening of the main topics about malaria, thus ensuring greater knowledge about the disease, the care of the infected individual, and the care that society needs to have in the face of this disease.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.56238/sevened2024.006-001