THE IMMUNE CLOCK: HOW AGING REDUCES THE BODY'S DEFENSE AND HOW WE CAN SLOW IT DOWN

Abstract

Immunosenescence relates to the gradual decline in immune system function associated with aging. This process contributes to increased susceptibility to infections, lower vaccine response, and higher incidence of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in the elderly. Among the main causative factors are quantitative and functional changes in T and B cells, the accumulation of senescent cells, chronic low-grade inflammation ("inflammaging") and imbalance in cytokine production. Advances in medicine have provided promising coping strategies. Among the emerging clinical methods are the use of senolytics (drugs that eliminate senescent cells), immune modulators, and therapies based on stem cells and microbiome. In addition, vaccine personalization for the elderly has been studied with a focus on increasing immune efficacy in this age group. At the same time, lifestyle interventions have a strong impact on attenuating immunosenescence. Regular physical exercise, especially moderate intensity, improves the immune response and reduces inflammatory markers. A balanced diet, rich in antioxidants, fiber, vitamins (such as A, C, D, E) and omega-3, also plays a central role in modulating immunity and protecting against immune aging. Therefore, the combination of innovative clinical approaches with healthy habits represents the most effective and sustainable strategy to mitigate the effects of immunosenescence and promote healthy aging.